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5 BC 🌍 232 million

Jesus of Nazareth was born, also known as Jesus Christ and by various other names and titles, was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who lived during the 1st century. Recognized as the central figure of Christianity—the world's largest religion—Jesus is regarded by most Christians as the incarnation of God the Son and the prophesied messiah from the Davidic line, as described in the Old Testament. Nearly all contemporary scholars of antiquity agree on the historical existence of Jesus. Information about his life is primarily found in the Gospels, particularly the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament. Since the Enlightenment, academic research has yielded numerous perspectives regarding the historical reliability of these texts and their reflection of the historical Jesus.

According to Christian tradition, as detailed in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, Jesus was circumcised at eight days old, baptized by John the Baptist as a young adult, and, following a period of forty days and nights of fasting in the wilderness, began his ministry. He served as an itinerant teacher who interpreted divine law with authority and was often referred to as "rabbi." Jesus frequently engaged in theological debates with other Jewish leaders, performed healings, taught using parables, and attracted followers, appointing twelve as his apostles.

Jesus was subsequently arrested in Jerusalem, tried by the Jewish authorities, handed over to the Roman government, and crucified under the order of Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect of Judaea. After his death, his followers asserted that he rose from the dead, and after his ascension, they formed a community that evolved into the early Christian Church, which expanded globally.

Christian theology holds that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born to the Virgin Mary, performed miracles, established the Christian Church, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice for the atonement of sin, rose from the dead, and ascended into Heaven, from where he is expected to return. Commonly, Christians believe that through Jesus, humanity may be reconciled with God. The Nicene Creed professes that Jesus will judge the living and the dead, either before or after their bodily resurrection—a belief associated with the Second Coming in Christian eschatology. Most Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second person of the Trinity. His birth is celebrated annually on December 25th (Christmas), his crucifixion commemorated on Good Friday, and his resurrection observed on Easter Sunday.

CE – Common Era or AD

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Jesus baptized, by John the Baptist, the ritual purification of Jesus with water by John the Baptist, was a major event described in the three synoptic Gospels of the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, and Luke).[a] It is considered to have taken place at Al-Maghtas (also called Bethany Beyond the Jordan), today located in Jordan.

Along with the crucifixion of Jesus, biblical scholars view it as one of the two historically certain facts about him, and often use it as the starting point for the study of the historical Jesus.

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Crucifixion of Jesus was the death of Jesus by being nailed to a cross. Jesus said there was a kingdom greater than Rome and God would take care of society’s poorest members. And — to the alarm of Jewish leaders — some of his followers began to believe that he was the Messiah.

“I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me,” Jesus said.

As John 5:18 further explains: “For this reason they tried all the more to kill him; not only was he breaking the Sabbath, but he was even calling God his own Father, making himself equal with God.” But things came to a head during Passover in 30 C.E., when Jesus traveled to Jerusalem. Then, he was greeted by adoring crowds who waved palm branches to welcome him. This was threatening enough to local religious leaders, but when Jesus found pilgrims exchanging money and sacrificing animals at holy temples, he flew into a rage and drove them out.

The Sanhedrin, a Jewish ruling body composed of priests and local elites, soon decided that Jesus had gone too far. Not only did his growing popularity threaten them, but it also threatened peace with Rome.

They arranged for his arrest, hoping that he’d be sentenced to death. Jesus Christ was arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane and put on trial before the Sanhedrin.

The Sanhedrin found him guilty of blasphemy for calling himself the Son of God. Christianity.com explains that the Jewish leaders of the Sanhedrin wanted Jesus killed — but they could not order an execution themselves. So, they took him before the Roman governor of Judaea: Pontius Pilate. Pilate had become the governor of Judaea some years earlier, around 26 C.E. And now, it fell on him to decide Jesus Christ’s fate.

Pilate interrogated Jesus about his alleged crimes. During their conversation, Pilate seemed to pick up on certain language about “kings” and “kingdoms.” Jesus tells Pilate: “My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, my servants would fight to prevent my arrest by the Jewish leaders. But now my kingdom is from another place.” Pilate responds: “You are a king, then!” Jesus answers: “You say that I am a king.”

Turning to the nearby gathering crowd, Pilate notes that it’s Passover and that tradition states that he can commute one criminal’s sentence. But when he asks the crowd whether they want him to release “the King of the Jews,” they demand that he release another man named Barabbas.

Indeed, the Gospels depict Pilate as a reluctant judge in front of a bloodthirsty mob. As they cry, “Let Him be crucified,” Pilate asks what “evil” Jesus has done and washes his hands — literally — of Jesus’ death.

Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered vinegar mixed with myrrh or gall to drink. At Golgotha, he was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the Gospel of Mark, was crucified at the third hour (9 a.m.), and died by the ninth hour of the day (at around 3:00 p.m.).

John the Baptist was executed, sentenced to death and subsequently beheaded by Herod Antipas after hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead.

John rebuked him for divorcing his wife and then unlawfully wedding Herodias, the wife of his brother Herod Philip I. Herodias's unnamed daughter dances before Herod, who is pleased and offers her anything she asks for in return. When the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, on a plate. John's disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb.

Severed head of John the Baptist

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Gospel of Mark is written, the first of four synoptic gospels

It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death, the burial of his body, and the discovery of his empty tomb. It portrays Jesus as a teacher, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker, though it does not mention a miraculous birth or divine pre-existence.[4] Jesus refers to himself as the Son of Man. He is called the Son of God but keeps his messianic nature secret; even his disciples fail to understand him. All this is in keeping with the Christian interpretation of prophecy, which is believed to foretell the fate of the messiah as a suffering servant.

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The Gospel Matthew portion of the bible is written, is the first book of the new testament of the bible.

The Gospel of Matthew tells how Jesus, believed by the author to be Israel's messiah, fulfills Jewish prophecy through his life, teachings, death, and resurrection. The gospel highlights tensions between Jewish Christians and other Jews, critiques religious leaders, and stresses that the Kingdom of Heaven is now for the church. It frames Jesus as Son of David, Son of Man, and Son of God, and organizes his ministry around narratives and discourses, culminating in the Passion, Resurrection, and Great Commission.

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The Gospel Luke portion of the bible is written, the third of the New Testament's four canonical Gospels. It tells of the origins, birth, ministry, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus. Together with the Acts of the Apostles, it makes up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts, accounting for 27.5% of the New Testament. The combined work divides the history of first-century Christianity into three stages, with the gospel making up the first two of these – the life of Jesus the messiah (Christ) from his birth to the beginning of his mission in the meeting with John the Baptist, followed by his ministry with events such as the Sermon on the Plain and its Beatitudes, and his Passion, death, and resurrection.

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The Roman Colosseum completed, is an elliptical amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum. It is the largest ancient amphitheater ever built, and is the largest standing amphitheater in the world. Construction began under the Emperor Vespasian.

Colosseum 2021

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The Gospel John and the book of Revelations is written, is canonically the last book of the New Testament.

Written in Greek, its title is derived from the first word of the text, apocalypse, which means "revelation" or "unveiling". The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic book in the New Testament canon, and occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.

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Paper making in China, a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibers.

The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt, but the first true papermaking process was documented in China, traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money.

Paper played a pivotal role in early Chinese written culture, and a "strong reading culture seems to have developed quickly after its introduction. Paper had immense consequences for the book world. It meant books would no longer have to be circulated in small sections or bundles, but in their entirety. Books could now be carried by hand rather than transported by cart. As a result, individual collections of literary works increased in the following centuries.

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The Roman Pantheon is built in Rome, Built on the site of an earlier temple, which had been commissioned by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa during the reign of Augustus . After the original burnt down, the present building was ordered by the emperor Hadrian. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose to re-inscribe the new temple with Agrippa's original date inscription from the older temple.

The building is round in plan, except for the portico with large granite Corinthian columns under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky.

Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 142 ft.

It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history. Since the 7th century, it has been a church dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs), known as "Santa Maria Rotonda".

The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio.

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Birth of Attila the hun, was the king of the Huns from 434 to 453 (ruling jointly with his elder brother Bleda until 445). He was one of the greatest rulers among those groups that the Romans referred to as barbarians. Attila assailed the Roman Empire by invading the southern Balkan provinces and Greece and then Gaul and Italy

Attila is often embraced in Hungarian folklore as a heroic ancestor. While the Huns and Magyars (early Hungarians) were distinct peoples, medieval chroniclers and later nationalists linked them to create a sense of ancient continuity. The name Attila is popular in Hungary today, and many Hungarian men bear it proudly. Both the Huns and Magyars settled in the Pannonian Basin, which includes much of modern Hungary. This geographic overlap helped fuel the myth of ancestral connection.

Around 445, Attila became the sole ruler of the Huns after the death of his brother Bleda. In 447, he launched a large-scale campaign against the Eastern Roman Empire, focusing on the provinces of Lower Scythia and Moesia in southeastern Europe, which was further east than previous campaigns. Subsequently, Attila's forces moved through the Balkan provinces and advanced into Greece, where progress was halted at Thermopylae.

Attila’s next great campaign was the invasion of Gaul in 451. He appears to have been on friendly terms with the Roman general Aetius, the real ruler of the West at this time, and his motives for marching into Gaul have not been recorded. He announced that his objective in the West was the kingdom of the Visigoths and that he had no quarrel with the Western emperor, Valentinian III. But in the spring of 450, Honoria, the emperor’s sister, sent her ring to Attila, asking him to rescue her from a marriage that had been arranged for her.

Attila claimed Honoria as his wife and demanded half the Western Empire as her dowry. When Attila had already entered Gaul, Aetius reached an agreement with the Visigothic king, Theodoric I, to combine their forces in resisting the Huns. Attila almost succeeded in occupying Aurelianum (Orléans) before the allies arrived. Indeed, the Huns had already gained footing inside the city when Aetius and Theodoric forced them to withdraw. The decisive engagement was the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, or, according to some authorities, of Maurica (both places are unidentified). After fierce fighting, in which the Visigothic king was killed, Attila withdrew and shortly afterward retired from Gaul. This was his first and only defeat.

In 452, the Huns invaded Italy and sacked several cities, including Aquileia and Milan; Aetius was unable to stop them. However, famine and disease forced the Huns to withdraw before crossing the Apennines.

In 453, Attila planned to attack the Eastern Empire after Emperor Marcian refused to pay subsidies, but died suddenly in his sleep after his marriage. The Huns killed those who buried him and his riches to keep the grave's location secret. His sons inherited and divided the empire.

Priscus, who visited Attila's camp in 448, described him as short and stocky with a large head, deep-set eyes, flat nose, and thin beard. Despite being irritable and forceful, Attila was a skilled negotiator and not without compassion. At a banquet, Priscus observed Attila eating simply while his lieutenants dined in luxury. While detailed accounts of his generalship are lacking, his earlier victories indicate he was an exceptional commander.