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7500 BC

God created the universe in six literal 24-hour days, based on a direct reading of Genesis the first book of the Bible. Young Earth Creationists believe the universe was created 6,000 to 10,000 years ago to look like it was 13.8 billion years old with all the details found in science.

1. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

2. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

3. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

4. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

5. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.

6. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.

8. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

9. And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.

10. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.

11. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.

12. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

13. And the evening and the morning were the third day.

14. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:

15. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.

16. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.

17. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

18. And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.

19. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

20. And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.

21. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

22. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.

23. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

24. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.

25. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

27. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

28. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.

29. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

30. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.

31. And God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.

7000 BC 🌍 9.7 million

A great earthquake destroys the city of Jericho.

The City of Jericho is widely recognized as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with roots tracing back to the New Stone age. Located near the Jordan River in the West Bank, early Jericho was more than a simple settlement—it was a pioneering human community that showcased major milestones in prehistoric development.

In the Old Testament, in Joshua chapter 6, we have an account of the Israelites defeating the city of Jericho when they came into the Promised Land after wandering in the wilderness for 40 years. According to the biblical account, after the Israelites marched around the city once a day for six days, on the seventh day they encircled the city seven times. On the seventh time around, the priests blew the trumpets, the people shouted and the walls fell flat.

The nature of the earthquake was unusual. It struck in such a way as to allow a portion of the city wall on the north side of the site to remain standing, while everywhere else the wall fell.

6800 BC

Beginning of slavery, dates back to prehistoric times, likely emerging alongside the development of agriculture. The earliest recorded instances of slavery can be traced to ancient civilizations such as those in Mesopotamia, where it was recognized in legal codes like the Code of Hammurabi around 1750 BC.

6500 BC

The oceans and sea’s rise, England is cut off from Europe by land. As the ice melted at the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age, sea levels rose, and the land began to tilt in an isostatic adjustment as the huge weight of ice lessened. Called Doggerland eventually became submerged, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland

6,100 BC

First Agricultural Revolution marked the shift during the New Stone Age from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settled communities. This transition enabled population growth and led to plant domestication as people learned how crops developed. Change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement.

Human activity resulted in the selective breeding of cereal grasses (beginning with emmer, einkorn and barley), and not simply of those that favored greater caloric returns through larger seeds. Plants with traits such as small seeds or bitter taste were seen as undesirable. Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity tended not to be gathered at harvest, therefore not stored and not seeded the following season; successive years of harvesting spontaneously selected for strains that retained their edible seeds longer.

Grindstone for processing grain

6000 BC 🌍 13.3 million

First beer is brewed from grain in the near East

Beer likely originated from an accidental fermentation process. Early humans would soak grains in water, which, due to wild yeasts, began to ferment. This process transformed the mixture into a rudimentary form of beer, marking a significant development in human culture.

In ancient societies, beer was more than just a drink; it played a vital role in social and religious practices. It was consumed daily and used in rituals, often seen as a gift from the gods. In Egypt, beer was so important that laborers were sometimes paid in beer, and it was used in various medical remedies.

The practice of brewing beer probably developed independently in different cultures around the world.

5000 BC

Maltese dog originated, originated on the Island of Malta–they called the breed the Melitaie Dog. Melitaie being the ancient name for Malta. There is really no evidence that proves the dog was indigenous to the Island. Rather that the Maltese is descended from a Spitz-type dog bred by the peoples of the area. Which is now south central Europe.

The Maltese was one of the dogs worshipped by the ancient Egyptians. Numerous pictorial representations of the Maltese occur in Greek ceramic art, such as the vases found at Vulci (about 500 B.C.). The dog is also mentioned in the writings of many Greek and Roman philosophers, and other ancient poets and historians, including: Aristotle, Timon, Callimachus, Aelian, Artimidorus, Epaminodus, Martial, Strabo, Pliny the Elder and Saint Clement of Alexandria. Notable ancient owners of Maltese include Roman Emperor Claudius and Publius, Roman governor of Malta.

The Maltese emerged untarnished from the Dark Ages and recorded as a prized dog. Especially by the upper class, aristocrats, states persons and royalty. Maltese were believed to possess medicinal powers of healing. The ailing would place the dog on their stomach or chest for comfort. Because of this practice, and the dogs warm, affectionate nature and small size, which made it easy to hold in ones arms or lap, the Maltese became known as the “Comforter.” The dog was particularly popular in England during Elizabethan times (the late 16th century). Two notable owners of Maltese in those times Queen Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots.

4500 BC

Humans learn to use the plow, most important agricultural implement since the beginning of history, used to turn and break up soil, to bury crop residues, and to help control weeds.

The earliest plows were doubtless digging sticks fashioned with handles for pulling or pushing. By Roman times, light, wheelless plows with iron shares (blades) were drawn by oxen; these implements could break up the topsoil of the Mediterranean regions but could not handle the heavier soils of northwestern Europe. The wheeled plow, at first drawn by oxen but later by horses, made possible the northward spread of European agriculture.

4250 BC

Development of copper and bronze metallurgy, copper occurs naturally as native metallic copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. The Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), when copper tools were used with stone tools.

Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable, unalloyed metallic form. This means that copper is a native metal. This led to very early human use in several regions. It was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze.

Copper

4242 BC

First year of Egyptian calendar, the ancient Egyptian calendar was a solar calendar consisting of 365 days, divided into three seasons of 120 days each, plus five additional days. It was used for civil purposes and was based on the agricultural cycles associated with the Nile River.

The Egyptian civil calendar was altered by Julius Caesar about 46 BC with the addition of a leap-year day occurring once every four years; the revised system forms the basis of the Western calendar still used in modern times.

In addition to the solar calendar, the Egyptians also used a lunar calendar for religious purposes. This calendar consisted of 12 months, with each month lasting 29 or 30 days. A 13th month was added every few years to align it with the solar year.

4000 BC 🌍 30 million

The wheel is invented, early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made from horizontal slices of tree trunks. Because of the uneven structure of wood, a wheel made from a horizontal slice of a tree trunk will tend to be inferior to one made from rounded pieces of longitudinal boards.

3800 BC

Toilet facilities, first known toilets were simple pits dug into the ground, with a small hole for defecation and a larger one for urination. These primitive latrines were often located in separate rooms or buildings.

Ancient Egyptians had simple limestone toilet seats placed over a container filled with sand. When full, the sand would be disposed of. Wealthier households had dedicated bathroom chambers. Ancient Egypt was using toilet facilities to differentiate between the wealthy and the poor. Indoor toilets with limestone tops which sat over a pit of sand were a sign of high status. Poorer Egyptians used a wooden stool with a hole cut in the top.

The oldest known example of a sewage system is believed to be the one found at the city of Mohenjo-daro (Mound of the Dead Men) in Pakistan. Around 2500 BC, Mohenjo-daro had brick toilets over a sewage system that took waste away to a cesspit outside the city. The drains were brick-lined, and archaeologists have even suggested there were sets of public toilets there. The city was destroyed suddenly around 1700 BC, and its innovations lost.

Civilization	Time Period	Toilet Type
Mesopotamia	4000 BC	Pit latrines
Egypt	2500 BC	Limestone seats over sand containers
Indus Valley	2500 BC	Private brick toilets with drainage systems
Crete	1700 BC	Flushing toilets with running water
China	200 BC	Indoor toilets for royalty, pit latrines for commons

Some key 20th century milestones:

1907: Thomas MacAvity Stewart of Saint John, New Brunswick patented the vortex-flushing toilet bowl, which creates a self-cleansing effect.

1910: Toilet paper rolls (as opposed to sheets) become widely available, popularized by the Scott Paper Company.

1980: Japanese company Toto introduces the Washlet, a high-tech electric toilet seat with features like a bidet and air dryer. These become commonplace in Japanese homes.

Toilet Type	Features	Water Usage
Traditional	Basic flush functionality	3-5 gallons per flush
Low-Flow	Uses less water per flush	1.6 gallons or less
Dual-Flush	Two flush options for liquids and solids	0.8-1.6 gallons
Smart Toilet	Automated features, bidet, air dryer, heated seat, etc.	Varies, but often low-flow
Composting Toilet	Waterless, recycles waste into compost	0
Vacuum Toilet	Uses suction to remove waste with minimal water	0.2-0.5 gallons

Despite technological progress, access to safe and hygienic toilets remains a huge global issue. According to the World Health Organization, 2 billion people still lack access to basic sanitation facilities. Open defecation is practiced by 673 million people, contaminating water sources and spreading diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.

3500 BC

The earliest written religious texts emerged as cultures sought to explain natural events and life's uncertainties through beliefs in supernatural beings. Religions often viewed humans as collaborators with deities, working to maintain order against chaos. Prominent figures in these beliefs included Atar (fire god), Mithra (god of the rising sun and covenants), Hvar Khshsata (full sun god), and Anahita (goddess of fertility, water, health, healing, and wisdom).

Sumerian tablet

3200 BC

Boats use sails on the Nile River, the invention of the sail was a technological advance of equal or even greater importance than the invention of the wheel Yet it is not known when or where this invention took place. Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current.

3100 BC

Bricks are made by a fired process, they were made from clay and baked in kilns. This innovation allowed for stronger and more durable bricks compared to sun-dried mud bricks. The transition from sun-dried to fired bricks marked a significant advancement in building technology, allowing for the construction of more complex and lasting structures.

3000 BC 🌍 45 million

Palaces/castles are starting to build; palaces are grand residences often associated with royalty and nobility. Castles are primarily military strongholds to protect royalty and territory. Many of the oldest structures still stand today, showcasing rich histories and architectural styles.

The Citadel of Aleppo in Syria is one of the oldest and largest castles in the world.

2667 BC

First pyramids, shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence.

While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine."

The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods.